Jeffersonian Republicanism vs. Jacksonian Democracy

Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson were two influential political figures in two very different eras, ranging from 1800-1808 and 1808-1840 respectively, that established two very different political philosophies. Each formed their own system that helped shape the way people think about American government. Liberalism is a political philosophy that goes against the established status quo at the time in order for change, where as a conservative is one which adheres to principles established by that same status quo. The Jeffersonian Republicans image of the common man was one vested in the educated and independent farmer, who by no stretch of the imagine had the capabilities to serve in government. The Jacksonian Democracies image of the†¦show more content†¦Jackson forced thousands of Native Americans to march from Georgia to Oklahoma on the infamous Trail of Tears with his Indian Removal Act, thus showing his hatred for the Native Americans (Brands, H. W.). Jacksonians oppos ed programs such as educational reform and the establishment of public education. They believed that schools restricted individual liberty by interfering with parental responsibility. The importance of the Jacksonian Era was not that the gap between rich and poor had narrowed, but that there were now few barriers that prevented people from gaining wealth and power. Because Jackson eradicated the Indian threat (a major concern for common people), and belittled the importance education, his party symbolized that a man could come from nothing, and become president, which was a source of inspiration and hope for the common man. Both Jefferson and Jackson did what they felt would economically benefit the common man however Jeffersons maintenance of the Hamiltonian economic system, which benefited the upper class, did less for the common man then Jackson, who advocated for the ideals of economic success for all. Jefferson encouraged State banks and was originally opposed to the national bank, however once in office he saw the true benefits of such a bank. Jefferson feared the

Essay Best War Ever Book Review - 1186 Words

Many regard World War II as the best war ever, but why? It seems the one fact that stands out in American minds is that the Allied Powers were fighting against people who were perceived as evil†, such as Adolf Hitler and Emperor Hirohito. Many disregard all the casualties and hardships and only think about the big picture: victory. Michael C. C. Adams book, The Best War Ever: America and World War II, attempts to dissipate all of the misconceptions of the Second World War. Americans came out of the war with a positive view of all the years of fighting. This myth was born from several factors, mainly due to the overseas setting of both theaters of the war, intense government propaganda, Hollywood’s glamorization, and widespread economic†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Ads implied that if you bought a war bond your sacrifice was on par with that of the man in the front lines.† (74) The US government and industry played on Americans’ sense of patriotism i n order to get them to support the war or buy their products. However, â€Å"Advertising had inherent problems as an educational tool. It is by nature emotional, rather than intellectual; it sells feelings rather than ideas.† (73) Government propaganda and business advertising were not the only factors in forming the inaccurate myth of the Second World War. Hollywood made films where â€Å"people get blown up with their clothes and fall gracefully to the ground† (100). Through the realism of motion pictures, such as 1998’s ‘Saving Private Ryan’ and 2001’s ‘Pearl Harbor’, Americans were falsely led to believe in a glorified war. The other major factor in allowing the war to be dubbed as â€Å"the best war ever† was the economic prosperity. â€Å"The U.S. gross national product increased 60 percent during the war,† (114) a statistic which differed greatly from those of the depression years of the 1930’s. The r eality under the cover of myth was repulsive. â€Å". . . the coast was littered with shattered boats, tanks, trucks, rations, packs, buttocks, thighs, torsos, hands, heads.† (101) Americans never witnessed the carnage. To add insult to injury, when soldiers on leave told of these horrors, they were considered cowards and victims ofShow MoreRelatedThe Best War Ever : America And Wwii Essay729 Words   |  3 PagesHistory Book Review The Best War Ever: America and WWII Michael C.C. Adams, the author of my chosen narrative, graduated from Southern Illinois University in 1993. He is a professor of history at Northern Kentucky University. Dr. Adams holds a Ph.D. in American Studies. His primary area of interest is military history and early in his NKU career. From the information about what he is interested in being state, you can easily understand why he became the author of such an interesting book. http://artscienceRead MoreThe Best War Ever By Michael C. B. Adams862 Words   |  4 PagesThe Best War Ever, written by Michael C. C. Adams, is a book focusing on the balanced history of the experience from America’s view during World War II. It neither glorifies nor vilifies the U.S. participation but discusses the real horrors of the war by using glorifying aspects that could have been deceptive or even misleading. World War II defined and transformed the rest of our lives. Americans viewed World War II as the â€Å"Good War† or â€Å" The Best War Ever†. After the end of the war, Americans hadRead MoreBook Review of Liberty and Power Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power; The Politics of Jacksonian America Hill and Wang, N.Y. Review written by Richard Foust Book Review Harry L. Watson’s book, â€Å"Liberty and Power, The Politics of Jacksonian America†, takes an analytical look at America and her politics during the Age of Jackson. Watson uses the economy and the ideological mindset of the people, to support a powerful argument about the beginning of American political partiesRead MoreEssay on Killer Angels by Michael Shaara677 Words   |  3 PagesKiller Angels by Michael Shaara Most people think of the Civil War as a military battle between the North and South. Without studying the subject, they do not appreciate the facts that make up this historical event. When one reads the novel, Killer Angels, the reader is given a much better perception and understanding of what actually happened during the war. Killer Angels, by Michael Shaara, is a realistic historical depiction of the great battle of Gettysburg, which left 50,000 ConfederateRead More Norman Mailer Essay1617 Words   |  7 Pagesbetter left unmentioned. When handed the list of book titles and authors to choose from, I immediately went for Norman Mailer. I had heard of him and some of his antics in the past and quickly decided he was the one. The author of over forty books and eleven published novels, Mailer is almost as well-known for his public activities and persona. His novel The Castle in the Forest which the sources review was his last. According to these sources the reviews are mixed. Which m ight be a good thing due toRead MoreOil And Natural Gas : A Source Of Strategic Power956 Words   |  4 Pagesenergy supply. However, due to the huge exposure of oil reserves in Persian Gulf after World War I, geopolitical struggles and potential conflicts surrounding fossil energy resources of the Middle East gradually emerge. Michael Klare, the author of Blood and Oil, ever makes an argument in his book that exemplifies the unexpected interaction between geopolitics and geoeconomics in current global economy (â€Å"Review of Michael Klare s Blood and Oil,† n.d.). Great value and large imports of oil in MiddleRead More Critiques of Ernest Hemingways Novel, Death in the Afternoon1434 Words   |  6 Pagesfaintly sick at my stomach. The explanation of, guide book to, apology for bull-fighting is absorbingly interesting.1 This books focus on bullfighting is a complete transformation from Hemingways previous novel A Farewell to Arms, which focuses on the war. Many critics s ee through this switch in subject matter, however, and propose that Hemingways focus on bullfighting is really just a different way for him to express his emotions towards the war. According to Malcolm Cowley, Hemingway had foundRead MoreThe Autobiography By Frederick Douglass1632 Words   |  7 Pagesincredible tell perseverance to be with his love that is free in the north and to help others that have been in captivity. Before the book starts he gives a pretty face by William Lloyd Garrison and a letter from Wend ale Phillips. He s done this because he wants people to know that he is a runaway slave that is smart and able to write in his book is his own book. And the pre-face when Lloyd Garrison describe his first encounter with Fredrick Douglas at and it is labor convention in and TackettRead MoreTeaching Students to Understand Reading 741 Words   |  3 PagesLiberty’s Kids with my students because I know that they enjoy the show, and that they are all very interested in the Revolutionary War. I am also using a book by Laura Numeroff because none of my students have ever heard of her books. I wanted to use a story that they would not already know so that they would catch on to the cause and effect trend running through the book. Since I know that many of my students do not understand the basic relationship of cause and effect, I have used multiple subjectsRead MoreMilitary History / Book Review The Rough Riders Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pages2016 Military History/ Book Review 3 â€Å"The Rough Riders† was a very well-known infantry, name given to the first U. S Volunteer Cavalry during 1898. Before becoming President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt leader the Cavalry along with Colonel Leonard Wood as second in command. The Rough Riders were part of the Spanish-American war; Battle of the Guasmas, Battle of San Jun Hill and Seige of Santiago. Roosevelt goes into details about his journey to Cuba in this book. Theodore Roosevelt

Expo 2012, Yeosu, South Korea Free Essays

Williams Date: August, 18th, 2012 Subject: Final report on Grenades Booth at Yeses Expo 2012. The sky of Yeses was 11th up with spectacular fireworks at 9:20 p. M. We will write a custom essay sample on Expo 2012, Yeosu, South Korea or any similar topic only for you Order Now On Sunday as the city celebrated the end of 93-day Yeses Expo 2012, which kicked off on May 12. Hundreds of spectators, participants and performers joined hands and danced in circles to mark the successful wrapping up of the event. The closing ceremony, which began at 7:30 p. M. Was attended by UN Secretary-General Ban Ski-moon and Prime Minister Kim Hang-ski. Who both commended the hosts for doing a sterling Job on the Expo. Yeses Expo 201 2 held under the theme â€Å"The Living Ocean and Coast† reached Its target of attracting 8 million visitors. 104 countries participated In the expo and each country, including Grenade aimed to highlight workable solutions for achieving sustainable development and co-excellences with the living ocean as seen through its underwater sculpture park display. Grenade’s Participation In Expo 2012 Reflecting the Importance of Its relationship with the ocean, Grenade presented Its home through a visually impressive booth, informative exhibits, and friendly interaction. The general public was introduced to the Moline Underwater Sculpture Park, Nutmeg, Carnival, the yachting sector and Grenade as a tourist and business trading destination. The Grenadier Booth was very well received by the general public, Pips, and business participants, and was one of the most popular at Expo 2012. Participating countries were equally complimentary about the success of our booth and appreciative of its role in furthering the work in ocean conservation. Our presence at Expo 2012 was an excellent platform to promote links between Grenade and Korea through trade, investment, people-to-people and tourism contacts. 2,223,131 visitors toured Grenade’s booth. In addition 65, PIP delegations, including 2 heads of state/government, 11 ministers, and senior officials and business delegations from abroad visited the booth. The Grenadier booth clearly demonstrated Its worth In terms of the violators numbers, confirming a strong Interest in our country by the general public. The key to the success of the booth was the innovative and iconic underwater sculpture marine park display which drew many people and reactions to the piece. This made Grenade’s booth stand out from other participating countries in the Atlantic west pavilion by creating a conversation as to the purpose of the park. Thus, visitors were able to get a well-rounded and insightful view not only tot the sculpture but tot Grenade as a whole. Grenade also participated in Carom’s Regional Day on July 30th. Six countries; Antigen Barbuda, Dominica, Grenade, Guyana, SST. Kits Nevis and Surname, participated in the days events. Minister Gillis Roberts represented Grenade and the Secretary General of CAROM, Mr.. La Ruche delivered the address on behalf of CAROM. Products Another important aspect to Grenade’s booth was the Nutmeg and Nutmeg products. Many inquiries and request for information were made especially for De La Grenade products and Molehill’s Nutmeg Spray and Cream. Many were given direct information on manufacturers and others information were written down whilst many left their business cards. Several visitors also requested information on the importation and distribution of nutmeg. The Nutmeg was prominently displayed in he glass cases available and all nutmeg bi products placed therein. It attracted large crowds who were given demonstrations on how to open, grate, it uses and other relevant information. Many have heard about it but never seen it and only know of it as the most expensive spice. Recommendations Grenade’s booth was well traversed by thousands of visitors during its 3 month participation in the 2012 Expo. Keen interest was shown in Grenade as a travel / tourism destination and its products. Its charm and beauty captivated audiences who were introduced to images and information about Grenade. However, the theme could have been better presented in terms of the description given along with the photos. An important piece as the underwater sculpture should have clearly stated the purpose more than anything else. People who read it still had lots of question as to â€Å"why’ was it done. Each piece should have had an inviting title. Instead of Just ‘Wickedest† the display could have read â€Å"From Despair to Hope† or â€Å"Ocean conservation through artificial coral reef†. The BIB was looking forward most to how each country â€Å"developed† the theme of the expo and although it was a masterpiece, he theme was not quite well explained as to how we were dealing with conservation of the ocean. During the Judging period, each BIB member spent no more than two minutes at the booths. Also, each booth operator should have had business cards by which they could be contacted. Many visitors have requested our contact information and it had to be written on scraps of paper. Visitors also had to write information on paper for us; even some were lost due the busy day to day operations from the booth. When a laptop was available, immediate responses went out to any queries. Those who requested information on De la Grenade product were handed out cards that were provided from Ms. La Grenade. One other slight hindrance was the slow response to information requested from Grenade. Albeit the difference in time. Feedback on important information was necessary for a smoother flowing operation. A thorough checklist should have been done for the required items needed for booth operators If Grenade is to participate at another expo, our Ministry should bring in the perspective booth operators earlier to assist with preparations including theme placement and checklist for required activities. Foreign Affairs should contact any diplomat representing Grenade in the Country in which the expo is to be held. Honorary Consul Lee was very disappointed that no one contacted him. He had to tint out trot the organizing committee it Grenade was represented at the Expo and contacted us directly. Before our Commissioner of section left an appointment was made to meet with Consul Lee. During the â€Å"meeting† at the MOVE Hotel, he expressed his disappointment concerning the situation and informed Mr.. Charles and myself hat he was not there on official government business since he was not informed of our participation through the right channels; but wanted to meet with us to talk about the expo and Grenade. Conclusion I worked well with the number of visitors to the booth and offered our â€Å"Grenadier warmth and welcoming smiles† to all. Questions were answered and relative information shared on manufacturers, tourism and Grenade. We shared our countries rich heritage, cultural diversity and openness for doing business with the Korea and the rest of the world Overall, I do believe that the Expo Committee met its objectives in bringing the world together to highlight, promote and to create awareness of the important role that the ocean plays in every aspect of human lives The Organizing Committee of Expo 2012 must applauded for the way in which it delivered its messages about climate change, maritime resource development, and maritime environment preservation to the public in a fun and accessible manner. Our Government, especially the Environment, Ministry of Foreign Trade, and export development must also be commended for taking on this initiative for participating in EXPO 2012 How to cite Expo 2012, Yeosu, South Korea, Papers

Kill A Mocking Bird And Prejudice Essay Example For Students

Kill A Mocking Bird And Prejudice Essay ToPrejudice is a many faced demon which comes in many shapes and disguises. Thepoint that it often goes ignored or unnoticed and shows up in the most unlikelyplaces is what makes it an even more dangerous thing. This is extremely evidentin the novel To Kill A Mockingbird. The first sign of prejudice in thenovel is shown by the Finch children regarding Arthur (Boo) Radley. They see himas a type of monster or a malevolent phantom as Scout so aptly put it. Anysmall crimes which were committed in Maycomb were said to be his work. At nightwhen the moon was down, he went and peeped in windows. When peoplesazealeas froze in a cold snap, it was because he breathed on them. Even thechildren were affected by all these rumours, they refused to touch the pecanswhen the trees from the Radley place dropped into the school yard- according tothem Radley pecans would kill you. All of this could be attributed to theirprejudice against Boo, just because he never came out of his house to orsocialised with outsiders, people just made up all these rumours about him as areason for why he stayed inside. The next type of prejudice shown in the book isclass prejudice. It is unconsciously shown by Scout as well as a few of hercompatriots on her first day at school. They attributed certain qualities toeach family in Maycomb and expected these traits to be hereditary. For examplethe reason which Scout gave as to why Walter refused the quarter which MissFisher offered was because hes a Cunningham and the reason whyBurris was so dirty and impudent was, as far as the children were concerned, wasbecause Hes one of the Ewells. This shows the complacent way inwhich they treat class prejudice in Maycomb, in Maycomb it is just taken forgranted, no questions asked. In fact the children, in stating thesecharacteristics of the Cunninghams and Ewells did not even realise that theywere being prejudiced, they had just been brought up that way. Later, when Jeminvited Walter to tea and Scout criticised his table manners, Cal and Atticuswere not pleased at all. Cal scolded Scout roundly by saying that Walter wascompany and that he could eat whatever way he wanted. When Scoutretaliated by saying that Walter was not company that he was just aCunningham, Cal did not let that serve as an excuse for her humiliatinghim. In this way, Cal tried to stop Scout from gaining the class prejudice ofMaycomb and to treat all people equally. Racial prejudice against Negroes areshown with regard to Dolphus Raymond and Tom Robinson. Dolphus Raymond isconsidered to be a type of oddball in Maycomb, because he is a white man yetprefers to live with the Negroes. In town, he has a reputation for being adrunkard, but he tells the children that that was just in pretence. Actually, heis a very sensitive man who loathes the society which makes blacks and whiteslive separately and hates the hell white people give coloured folks,without even stopping to think that theyre people, too. Tom Robinson isfound guilty of raping of Mayella Ewell, in the face of very strong suspicionthat his accusers are lying. One reason he was convicted was because it was awhite mans word against a black mans one, and in Maycomb, a white mansword was always taken without any regard as to how trustworthy he was. .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 , .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .postImageUrl , .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 , .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8:hover , .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8:visited , .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8:active { border:0!important; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8:active , .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8 .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u846463baa22a2d2257eea5ce835208b8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Beowulf: First Literary Superhero Essay I thinkthe other reason he was convicted was because he went against the acceptedposition of a Negro by daring to feel sorry for a white person. All theseprejudices are a result of people holding on to preformed ideas of a certain setof people. It is not just racial prejudice which is present in Maycomb but thenarrow, rigid, intolerant codes of behavior which the townspeople wish to imposeon others. These prejudices all show the inability of the people to, as Atticusputs it, consider things from his point of view and the lack ofunderstanding between them.English Essays

Narrative Essay Outline Template With Examples

When someone mentions the word essay, the first thing that comes to most people’s minds is volumes and volumes of words, making arguments and placing sufficient evidence. It’s almost like a philosophical inquiry to them. It doesn’t have to be this way. Essays are not always as abstract as people may picture them to be. Essays can even be used for casual activities such as story-telling. This form of essay is what is called a narrative essay. It combines the art of story-telling and the skill of essay writing. Everyone is bound to meet this form of essay in their life. If in academia, you will meet it in one of your class assignments. If in the professional world, you are bound to encounter it in situations where you have to describe an event or an idea. This article will delve into how to write a narrative essay outline. What Is a Narrative Essay? It is basically the type of writing where the author tells a story, either non-fictional or of personal nature. Since the author is the narrator of the story, most narrative essays are written in the first person. A narrative essay could take the form of an anecdote or an experience that the author relates to. Thus, it is an essay that’s personal in nature. As much as this type of essay is a story of sorts, it is not to be identified with traditional short stories. Whereas conventional stories have a causal fictional character, narrative essays are formal and chronological. They are an enactment of events that occurred in reality. With short stories, one could play around with different characters and also add some elements of fiction. Narrative essays have to conform to things as they actually happened. Narrative essays have a thesis statement in their introductions. The intent of the essay should be highlighted in the thesis statement. Make an Order The Structure of the Narrative Essay Outline The following is a simple structure of a narrative essay outline worksheet: Introduction Captivating hook The relevance of the subject to the author and the reader Thesis Body Paragraphs The setting of the story The background of the events Characters Real examples/illustrations Foreshadowing of outcomes Unfolding of events Outcome of events The verdict Conclusion Summary of key points Restatement of thesis Lessons learned The relevance of the subject Call-to-action (where applicable) This is a simple narrative essay outline example that you can use as a model to create your own narrative essay outline template. It is quite simple and direct. It doesnt need much effort. Writing a working outline for a narrative essay is essential to your writing. It enables you to know which points apply to different parts of the essay. It also helps you stick to the arguments that relate only to the subject of your narrative essay. Let’s expound more on the individual parts of the outline. Narrative Essay Outline Introduction The introduction of the narrative essay should always be captivating. To illustrate: if the entrance to a kids park is dull, will the kids be motivated to go in and check what it has to offer? Every kid would be disinterested since in their minds they were looking forward to something exciting right from the entrance. The same applies to your narrative essay. If the introduction is dull and boring, your reader won’t be hooked. Some may even not go further than the introduction. In another sense, you won’t even be psyched up to write the essay. The introduction of your essay is thus an important element. To attract the intended audience effectively, you have to write a captivating topic sentence that will serve as a hook. An effective catch is one that makes the reader feel as if they relate to the point being addressed. It should be intriguing and strong. To illustrate: Good leaders work hard, but great leaders work smart. This in itself is a strong hook. Anyone who would read it would want to know more about which smart activities make a leader great. Others who may know something about this subject will also be hooked since they will feel that they relate to it. Immediately after the hook, there should be some supporting statements (about two sentences) so that you can place your thesis statement. Your thesis statement should give the direction of your whole essay. It states your intention as the writer and the thought that you will try to prove in the entire essay. Therefore, the thesis statement is best placed at the end of the introductory paragraph so that the readers can get tuned to the authors mind. In all these, ensure that the introduction of your essay is: Captivating Interest-arousing Brief Concise Relatable Direct Narrative Essay Outline Body Paragraphs After carefully crafting your introduction, the next step is coming up with the body paragraphs. This is the most critical part of the essay in that it delivers your message and arguments in relation to the subject at hand. Your story starts, develops and ends in this part of the essay. Generally, there are three paragraphs in the body, and each paragraph has five sentences. But this depends on the extent and length of the narration. As written in the outline for narrative essay, you should start by giving the setting and background of the story. Every story has a setting and background against which it is narrated. For example, it may be a rural setting, religious setting, political setting, etc. Ensure that you mention the right background so that the readers understand what they are reading better. In our case, we can use a political setting since it befits the leadership context. The second aspect that should be included in your narrative essay outline is the characters of the story. It makes practical sense to introduce every character that is part of the essay. It’s not just sufficient to mention their names but you should also describe their personalities, attributes, and roles. But in all these, ensure that the attributes you give to these characters relate to the subject matter of your narrative essay. You dont want a situation where you give a particular character the attribute of being kind and generous, yet s/he is the villain in the story. The third aspect that you should consider in the body paragraphs is the real-life examples of events. This can be done effectively through the use of anecdotes. Since it is a narrative essay, they would make a great addition. Besides, they will even help you expand your main points and how things unfolded. While at it, entice the readers with a little foreshadowing. Give them a sneak peek of what is to unfold. After the real-life examples of events and foreshadowing, go ahead and narrate the facts as they unfold. Let each character have a part to play in the plot and give a detailed description of everything that is unfolding. Follow this closely with the outcome of the events that unfolded. To illustrate: â€Å"The shrewd administrator was able to win the hearts of the citizens since he used an open-door policy in his administration.† â€Å"The close contestant of the shrewd administrator, though able and competent, wasn’t able to win because he repelled people with his aloofness.† With the above outcomes, there is a final verdict that should be made with respect to the subject. Make an Order The following is an illustration of a plausible verdict: The open door policy can be considered as the smart move that the shrewd administrator used to win the hearts of the citizens. Although both administrators were hardworking, we can say that the shrewd administrator was smart to know that hard work is not all that counts. He knew that the citizens needed a person who can sit and listen to their needs. Indeed, he proves that great leaders work smart. How to Write a Narrative Essay Outline Conclusion The conclusion marks the end of the narrative. At this point, you shouldnt add any new point or argument. You should restate your main points and make a summary of them. The moral of the narrative should follow this after reiterating the thesis statement. In this case, you will be giving support to your thesis and reaffirming your stand on the subject. As the author, you should mention the lessons that you have learned from the story so as to stimulate your readers to draw their own lessons. Give a brief explanation as to why the point raised was of relevance. For example, in our illustration of the good and shrewd administrators, it would be a call for all leaders to always think out of the ordinary when serving their subjects. If necessary, add a call-to-action to your essay before you end it. In our case, it could be: Leaders should put the plight of the citizens at heart. Implementing an open door policy in administrative matters should be done to effect this.† Conclusion By applying this narrative essay outline example while writing your narrative, you are sure of crafting an engaging essay. Do you have more guidelines for writing a narrative essay outline? Share with us below.

Service Users - Care Workers

Service Users - Care Workers Acting in the best interest of service usersThe primary goal of everyone working in health and social care is to act in the best interests of service users. For example:.ÂÆ'˜ doctors try to improve their patient's health, or at least their quality of lifeÂÆ'˜ nurses care for patients by meeting their needsÂÆ'˜ social workers try to improve the day-to-day life of service usersÂÆ'˜ care assistants give people the practical they need.The right of service users to expect practitioners to act in their best interests is reinforced by professional codes of conduct, and legislation such as the Mental Health Act 1983 and the NHS and Community Care Act 1990.Assessing risk to individual groupsThe decisions which health and social care practitioners make can have far reaching implications. Prior to taking action I a particular case, they have a responsibility to assess whether:ÂÆ'˜ the person is at risk from their own behaviourÂÆ'˜ the person is at risk from other people' s actions db!ÂÆ'˜ the person's family, friends and carers are at risk from the person's behaviour.English: Duke of Kent Building, Division of Health...Assessing risk to children is a particularly sensitive issue. The Children Act 1989 placed new emphasis on the importance of assessing children who might be at risk from physical violence, sexual abuse of neglect, and gave social services new duties to keep children safe.A child considered at risk is interviewed by a social worker, and may be given a medical examination if physical or sexual abuse is thought to have occurred. A child protection conference is then held, where doctors, social workers, teachers, parents, police (and sometimes the child) meet to assess the risk of the child being harmed. Possible outcomes include:ÂÆ'˜ placing the child on a Child Protection RegisterÂÆ'˜ going to court...

GLOBAL WARMING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GLOBAL WARMING - Assignment Example But as long as they are unable to bring out the clear guidelines for identifying the offenders of the past , it would create a huge void in their initiatives to mobilize public support. Again the lack of confidence that they show for a open forum discussion exemplifies the political diplomacy rather than political commitment. And, being a commercial organization, the stand taken by Exxon cannot be refuted. Unless a clear evidence and scientific reasoning of the global warming is not related to the specific industrial emissions , it would be impossible for a commercial operator to limit their operations when their role as environmental culprit is still unproven. Hence, from the business perspective the action of Exxon cannot considered as unethical but could be branded as environmentally indifferent organization due to the dubious role for mobilizing other industrial owners for their own specific

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Management - Essay Example The future direction of the firm and the decisions that the human resources make relies on the human resource planning policy adopted, meaning that it enhances the direction that the firm follows in the future. Further, the human resource department manages to allocate its resources appropriately as well as budget its expenses, such as recruitment cost of new staff members, training costs and the department’s operational costs. Human resource planning helps in the attainment of the firm’s objectives, employee demands and ways employees’ motivation and productivity can be improved. For the human resource planning to be effective, the firm needs to have a well-structured organizational chart, which demonstrates how the firm operates, the departments and the individuals working in the departments and who they report to; that is the managers (Gatewood, Feild & Barrick, 2010). In other words, the organizational chart is an outlay of the roles, obligations and relationships amid individuals within the firm. Job description helps employees comprehend their roles and accountabilities in the firm, but specific decisions must be made by the individuals in authority (Ketola, 2010). Therefore, the job description and responsibility matrix helps determine the individual working on a give task at what

Black world study reflection paper, based on reading and viewing Essay - 1

Black world study reflection paper, based on reading and viewing materials - Essay Example In the early 60s, stereotyping was rife in United States whereby people from certain races were subjected to discrimination. In a bid to oppose the treatment, many resorted to art using music and other forms. With time, the Americans recognized very race courtesy of art demonstrated by many artists. For this reason, it is appropriate to agree that â€Å"dance, poetry, music can bring difference in this country and in this world† (Brown, p.2). To cement this point, various movies have been released where the oppression in many Islamic countries happen. As a result, some countries like Qatar have lately been viewed as civilized due to its approach to various issues. Additional, singer Elton John, a renowned gay activist has transformed the way same-sex marriages are viewed through music. As a result, same-sex marriages have been legalized and the couples are treated the same as heterosexuals. From the case materials, the story of Primus proves beyond reasonable doubt the power of art. Even though stereotypes still exists in today’s society, it is appropriate to state that much of the change that has been witness is due to art. For instance, in the case of Primus, the owner at the Cafà © society judged her as per her appearance. However, upon insisting for a chance, Primus, â€Å"danced with such skill and enthusiasm at her audition that she earned a coveted slot as a Cafà © Society entertainer† (p.13). From the above explanation, it is clear that afterwards, the perception towards Primus change thanks to art. It is for this reasons that emphasis is made on the power of art. Indeed, it has the capability to change the society but only when given a chance. Racism issues in United States were rampant but one of the people who actively participated in its end was primus. Interestingly, to do this, ‘she waged her artistic and political fight for

Universalism and Relativism in Human Rights

Universalism and Relativism in Human Rights One of the most pertinent issues of the past twenty years has been the conflict between two different ideologies of human rights on a national scale, universalism, and cultural relativism. Universalism holds that more primitive cultures will eventually evolve to have the same system of law and rights as Western cultures. Cultural relativists hold an opposite, but similarly rigid viewpoint, that a traditional culture is unchangeable. Much like the question whether a tolerant society should tolerate intolerance, the debate between universalism and cultural relativism is more convoluted than it appears. In universalism, an individual is a social unit, possessing inalienable rights, and driven by the pursuit of self interest. In the cultural relativist model, a community is the basic social unit. Concepts such as individualism, freedom of choice, and equality are absent. It is recognized that the community always comes first. This doctrine has been exploited by many states, which decry any impositions of western rights as cultural imperialism. These states ignore that they have adopted the western nation state, and the goal of modernization and economic prosperity. Cultural relativism is in itself a very arbitrary idea, cultures are rarely unified in their viewpoints on different issues, it is always those who hold the microphone [that] do not agree (http://www.aasianst.org/Viewpoints/Nathan.htm). This discourse begs the question that in precisely what way are human rights Western. And even if they were Western in 1948, are they still Western today? Cultural relativism continues to problematize the Universal Declaration of Human Rights since it was adopted in 1948 . In fact, the problem of what universality might mean in a multicultural world haunted the United Nations Human Rights project from the beginning. As soon as news of the project became known, the American Anthropological Association, through the groups executive board, warned the Human Rights Commission through a letter against drafting a statement of rights only in terms of the values prevalent in the countries of Western Europe and America. However, while the anthropologists working from within a framework of cultural relativism issued a warning, the UNESCO Committee on the The Theoretical Bases of Human Rights offered hope by pointing out that even people who seem to be far apart in theory can agree that certain things are so terrible in practice that no one will publicly approve them and that certain things are so good in practice that no one will publicly oppose them. Whenever one group denies rights to another group within a culture, it is usually for their own benefit. Therefore human rights cannot be truly universal unless they are not bound to cultural decisions that are often not made unanimously, and thus cannot represent every individual that these rights apply to. Even though cultural relativism has great problems and a potential for abuse, universalism in its current state is not the ideal solution. Universalism is used by many Western states to negate the validity of more traditional systems of law. For example, if a tribe in Africa is ruled by a chieftain and advised by the twelve most senior villagers, is this system any less representative than the more liberal societies of the West? Is it possible to impose a universal system of human rights if the effects of social change stemming from modernization are not understood or worse yet, ignored? In non-Western societies, industrialization, capitalism, and democracy might not have been the eventual outcome of the process of cultural evolution. These ideologies have been shaped and created by Western imperialism, the slave trade, colonialism, modernization, and consumerism. Todays world shows signs of positive progress towards the universal system of human rights. The declaration of human rights occurred immediately after the atrocities committed during WWII. The globalization of human rights began when the world was awakened to the crimes committed under one government (Hitler), and the need for a more universal system of accountability and responsibility. Through a forum such as the United Nations, cultural differences are better able to be resolved, thereby paving the way for universalism while at the same time recognizing and compromising on the needs of certain cultures. The recent adoption of the International criminal court in June 1998 is an important step in enforcing and promoting the values agreed upon by the member nations. As the world becomes a smaller place with the advent of globalization, universalism makes more sense as a philosophy of human rights. In a world where many people might not be governed by national borders, having fundamen tal human rights instead of ones bound to certain cultures provides the best solution. The question of Westernness versus the universality of human rights remained a live issue throughout the process that led to the framing of the UDHR. In the 1950s the UDHR came under criticism as being Western at the hands of the newly independent states of Asia and Africa. And in the heat of the Cold War, its perceived emphasis on political and civil rights also allowed the countries of the Soviet Bloc to skewer it as such, with the Third World looking on in wonder if the white mans burden was being explouted once again to secure the white mans gain. In 1996, Prime Minister Mohammad Mahathir of Singapore famously declared: Asian values are universal values. European values are European values. (p. xi): Kishore Madhubani writes that any Asian thinker who challenged the prevailing Western ideas in contemporary social and political theory must be advocating the superiority of Asian values. Actually, the only point that most Asians were trying to make was that Asian values were not inferior. They were trying to say that there was a need for a level playing field in the new intellectual debate of the 1990s. With the advantage of historical hindsight, we can now look at those years and see that Asians were not marching out in that period to proselytize to the West, They are only reacting to Western proselytization. The Boston Sunday Globe on 29th April 2001 carried a spread entitled the BIG IDEA followed by the title: Are Human Rights Universal? Or is the West imposing its philosophy on the Rest of the World. It also carried two pieces elaborating divergent perspectives, one by Makau Mutua and the other by John Shattuck, Boston Sunday Globe, 29 April 2001, p. D8. Perhaps it is the intuition of Makau Mutua on this point which finds fuller expression in the following remarks by Upendra Baxi : The more human rights are hailed as the patrimony of the West, the greated is the inclination in most Euroamerican societies towards world hegemony. Also keener, as a result, is the intergovernmental desire in some non-Euroamerican societies to reject the underlying aspiration affirming equal worth of all human beings. not merely repressive regimes but also progressive intellectuals in these societies remain ambivalent towards contemporary human enunciations. And (as Chapter 6 illustrates) progressive Eurocentrism inclines us all towards a postmodernist crtitique of notions of human rights. Authentic intercultural, or even inter-faith, dialogue remains a casualty of warped approaches to histories of human rights ideas and practices. (p. vi of The Future of Human Rights): The principal msg of this work is that the originary authors of human rights are people in struggle and communities of resistance, which standard scholarship demotes to a lowly status Once claims to authorship stand thus pluralized, it follows simply that human rights are not the gifts of the West to the Rest; the dominant discourse is diversionary when it locates the origins of human rights in the Euroamerican tradition and experience and when it pursues endless debates over universality and relativism of human rights. (p. xiv): There is no unified Asian view in human rights and freedom of the press. These are Western concepts. Asians are obliged to react to them An understanding of the Asian reactions is clouded by the fact that many Asians feel obliged to pay at least lip service to Western values. The universalist theory of Human Rights is indeed largely based on Western philosophy and the value it places on the individual. Product of Greek philosophy, Christianity and the Enlightenment thinkers, the universalist approach to Human Rights contends that one can use nature, God, or reason to identify basic rights, inherent to every human, which pre-exist society. Jack Donnelly best summarizes the contemporary doctrine of the universalist approach by putting forward the following conclusions: 1. All humans have rights by virtue of their humanity; 2. A persons rights cannot be conditioned by gender or national or ethnic origin; 3. Human Rights exist universally as the highest moral rights, so no rights can be subordinated to another person (e.g. a husband) or an institution (e.g. the state) By contrast, cultural relativism is based on the idea that there are no objective standards by which others can be judged. The debate between universalism and relativism is as old as the history of philosophy itself and its discussion of truth. Relativism was introduced by, among others, the sophist Protagoras. He rejected objective truth by saying in so many words, later quoted by Plato: The way things appear to me, in that way they exist for me and the way things appear to you, in that way they exist for you. It is a perfect reflection of the European Enlightenment: Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau are its spiritual founding fathers. Indeed the Covenant insists on negative rights, those that limit the role of government and prevent its intrusion in ones life, privacy, and freedom of speech, religion, opinion and association. Political liberalism thus defined has been the force underlying the US Constitution and the US Bill of Rights, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and the French Constitution. It is also the emphasis of the International Human Rights legislation and thus legitimizes the efforts by the West to spread-some say impose-Western models of democracy. This is a first level of contention brought forward by cultural relativism proponents. To limit the role of government and its treatment of nationals is an interference with domestic affairs and a violation of state sovereignty, which for most of them is newly acquired and still fragile. The debate in very simple terms could read as follows: As soon as we (usually Third World countries) are granted independence and sovereignty, you (the West) introduce Human Rights and your style of government as a limit or as a condition. Indeed, the old mission civilisatrice is now replaced by the spread of multiparty democracy. Christianization, civilization, democratization: the rhetoric has changed, the interference has not. Furthermore, there is still the underlying concept that Western culture, because it legitimizes itself behind its pretension to universality, also positions itself as superior to non-western culture. Universalism becomes Westernization. A question remains, if it is westernization, then westernization for what purpose? Once again we need to look back at the history of political liberalism and its expression in the modern Human Rights doctrine. Locke cannot be separated from Adam Smith. Central to a western definition of fundamental freedoms is the right to property. Economic liberalism and political liberalism are brothers and in Western philosophy they are Siamese twins. The freedom to vote is often translated in the freedom to consume and/or the freedom to invest. It is very important that one billion Chinese be free to vote and express their opinion as long as they also choose to buy Motorolas and Marlboros. The link between Western-defined Human Rights and globalization of the economies explains the virulence of the West on the issues of fundamental freedoms. In other terms, critics agree that the universalist discourse barely hides a Western attempt to give a moral legitimization to an economic agenda. The ultimate contradiction lies in the fact that political liberalism has supported the same economic liberalism that has legitimized, for example, the Structural Adjustment Programs of the IMF. The SAPs in turn have been the catalyst for the curtailment of political freedoms and human rights in many developing countries. That the universal Human Rights discourse can disguise a hidden agenda is certainly undeniable. But does this mean by contrast that the cultural relativist discourse is agenda-free? Lets place it under scrutiny. The first level of criticism of the use of cultural relativism as an exception to universal norms, lies in the fact that bringing forward culture at a given time is to fundamentally ignore the dynamic and fluid nature of culture. Cultural relativism adopts a static definition of culture: a snapshot of a group of people and their system of meaning at a given time with the underlying assumption that they will not change. It introduces in the paradigm an element of determinism that has no factual or historical relevance. Static definitions of culture also lead to such statement as traditional ancestral ethnic hatred, which explain conflict in terms of culture, obliterating in the process all other determining parameters such as political economy. However, cultural relativisms most fundamental weakness in the work towards Human Rights lies in the conflict of interest between the people who articulate the argument and those they represent. More often than not, cultural relativism is claimed by repressive regimes whose practices have nothing to do with local or indigenous cultures but more with their own self-preservation.4 Cultural policymakers are those who can speak for the group and articulate the group values to the outside world. Such spokesmen are likely to only stress the elements insuring their position. This is especially important in multi-ethnic or multi-cultural states where not only would it be difficult to establish a national identity based on cultural values but also where one group dominates the others at best, blatantly discriminates at worst. Would someone attempt to define what is the culture in Bosnia-Herzegovina? Or in Rwanda? Culture is a construct much more so than a reality and people can always find di fferent levels of allegiance. Indeed, one critique of cultural relativism is that it leads to fragmentation. Cultural relativism as a tool is a legitimization of a behavior designed to preserve a structure of powers. In a study on Iranian women, Karen Miller illustrates that in rejecting the aspirational character if universalism, relativism merely perpetuates traditional practice. Miller insists notably on the fact that generally women have not taken a large part in determining the culture because traditionally, male activities have set the standards. In fact, violence against women seems to be common in many cultures.5 IV. Reconcilability of the Two Approaches. Neither universalism nor cultural relativism is exempt of political manipulations. Does that mean that neither view carries some validity? Furthermore, if they each carry some validity, are they mutually exclusive? To answer the first question by the affirmative-neither is valid, Human Rights paradigms are tools, therefore they do not have intrinsic values-would be reducing critical thinking to syllogism. Letas more importantly see if both notions can and should be reconciled in theory and in practice. That there exist profound differences of perceptions among cultures or groups of people according to their history, language, and economic circumstances might be true. Does that mean that there exist among them no common points? Not necessarily. It is actually quite remarkable to do a comparative textual analysis between Confucius and Locke and to see how both at different times, insist on the centrality of the concept of Humanity in defining individuals.6 4 Donnelly, Jack. 5 Miller, K. Human Rights of Women in Iran: the Universalist Approach and the Relativist Response. http://www.law.emory.edu/EILR/volumes/win96/miller.html 6 Nicoll, N. Confucianism and Human Rights, unpublished paper. Secondly, disagreeing with the content of what is now presented as universal does not have to mean that there are no values or norms universally agreed upon. Western values may not be universal but it does not mean that universal values do not exist. This leads us to a level of conciliation that would embody a true cross-cultural search of what can be universally agreed upon. Universal standards should be the goals while cultural legitimacy would offer a method. This would be made that much more relevant if those defining the culture were not those in power. The search of commonalties would (in theory) bypass the structures of power. It could forge a necessary dialectic between external attempts to build a universal system and the internal assistance of various civil societies. V. The Obstacle of Law It is precisely at this juncture that we see how the debate between universalism and relativism has contributed to perpetuate a situation that has actually hindered, more than benefited, the cause of Human Rights. The defense of Human Rights has been presented as a legal endeavor among state actors. The debate is essentially a legal debate when texts of international law are being drafted. Discussions then follow on what understanding to give to the term degrading treatment or what reservations can a domestic legislation make in the name of religion, culture or constitution (in the case of the US). The debate concentrates on the content of the legislation or its interpretation or application in domestic law, never on the means itself: the fact that there is an over reliance on law to address Human Rights issues. Actually if there is a western influence, it is to be found in that domain. Law as an absolute value is permeating the international realm. In international law nation-states are both creators and parties. In Human Rights, like in any other domain, states are not going to create universal or local structures that bypass their level of control. The western idea that a good litigation can solve all problems is also present in Human Rights doctrine. The fact is that the Human Rights legislation, which by nature of the international system lacks serious mechanism of enforcement, has acted as a smokescreen and has often diverted efforts and resources from other venues. Victory is claimed when a given country finally adopts an international treaty or adequately adapts its dom estic law, i.e. China signs the ICCPR or Kenya outlaws female circumcision. Efforts can then stop or more realistically, MFN status can be renewed. The issue of course is that most people whose rights are violated do not have equal access to the law-especially true for women in many countries. What difference would a change in the legislation make when you cannot drive or go to an urban center, or for that matter, even read? In addition, the nature itself of the existing legislation on Human Rights has indeed under western influence, favored such rights as privacy and property. The legislation has erected a wall between the public sphere and the private sphere to better protect those rights. This has been ultimately catastrophic for womens rights for most violations of women happen in the private sphere. This is really a domain where one can witness how both theories, universalism and relativism, have had a negative impact by creating a double standard. Men readily accepting western norms of respect for privacy and property and women made to bare the brunt of cultural authenticity within a private sphere made untouchable by virtue of respect for fundamental freedoms. Conclusion The debate between universalism and relativism should be a non-issue. Universal goals and cultural sensitivities can be reconciled in the establishment of realistic strategies. However the debate in its present form contributes to divert attention from more important issues. Is International Law, made by states, the right venue to improve human rights? The effective protection of Human Rights requires a transformation not only of government and laws but of the non-state institutions and practices that the present Human Rights doctrine-universal or relative-does not touch.

Mexicans in the United States Essay example -- Culture Mexico Mexican

Mexicans in the United States Introduction â€Å"We need to help students and parents cherish and preserve the ethnic and cultural diversity that nourishes and strengthens this community and this nation.† These words of the Chicano civil rights leader Cesar Chavez have resonated into the present vision of Mexican culture in America. Mexicans in the United States have created a vibrant culture that has crossed over to influence other cultures. The reality is that Mexicans have played an integral role in shaping the current state of America, and through the power in numbers as well as the continued blending of cultures Mexicans will influence the future of the United States. History Mexicans were in American territory long before America was even founded. The current border ties back to the end of the U.S.-Mexico War (1846-1848). At the end of the war American troops invaded Mexico’s capital and resulted in the coerced signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The treaty forced Mexico to give up almost half its territory. Most importantly, it initiated anti-Mexican sentiment that led to violations of civil rights. â€Å"In Texas, Mexicans were restricted from voting. In New Mexico, Mexicans were the victims of violence, while in California laws against them were passed, some of which were known as the Greaser Laws† (â€Å"The Border†). In the early twentieth century, political and economic instability was caused in Mexico by the advent of the Mexican revolution. Many natives who feared the war fled the nation to the United States for refuge. â€Å"More than 890,000 legal Mexican immigrants came to the United States for refuge between 1910 and 1920. The Revolution had created a state of turmoil to the south, ... ...ce of Mexicans will continue to grow. With these numbers, power will follow. Mexicans are leading the Cultural Revolution that Americans are currently experiencing. America will have a new face influenced by the indigenous blood of Mexico. "There's no turning back...We will win. We are winning because ours is a revolution of mind and heart." – Cesar Chavez Works Cited Ramos, Jorge. The Other Face of America. 2002. Harper Collins: New York. Mailman, Stanley. <http://www.ssbb.com/article1.html>. March 7, 2004. â€Å"The Border.† <http://www.pbs.org/kpbs/theborder/>. March 3, 2004. â€Å"Day of the Dead.† <http://www.azcentral.com/ent/dead/history/>. March 1, 2004. â€Å"Quinceaà ±eras.† <http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/QQ/ldq1.html>. March 1, 2004. â€Å"Census.† <http://spanish.about.com/b/a/033326.htm>. March 2, 2004.

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Giant Lorenz Bernie â€Å"Ecstasy of Saint Teresa† I chose Ecstasy of Saint Teresa by Bernie because it is an impressive multi-media installation that helps me understand the intense experience of Saint Thresher's visions. Four black marble columns frame the scene of Saint Theresa floating as if on a cloud as a playful angel is about to plunge an arrow repeatedly into her. Her face portrays a feeling of intense pain and pleasure as she accepts the glory and light of her lord. Heavenly light is shining down on them. Through the use of natural light shining down from an unseen mystical source.Brass reflective rods are lined up in a row opening up towards the couple further signifying the beauty and grace of the light. From both sides of the main characters a viewer then notices a seated audience relief carved out of marble. The audience seems to be captivated by the untraditional portrayal of god like visions. The marble is so beautifully carved to render flesh and the texture o f clothing. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa is equally frightening and stunning; reflecting the religion it represents. This piece is a perfect example of Baroque sculpture. A common characteristic ofBaroque art is including the audience into the work. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa does this by way of the theater windows. The relief of witnesses within these windows gives the sense that all of this is happening on a stage, and the audience is thus placed in orchestral seats in front of the stage. This includes the viewers into the work and justifies the drama portrayed theatrically in front of us. The scene portrayed here is an intense one. Seeing the look on Saint Teeter's face shows fear, pain, and pleasure. This is Juxtaposed with the look of calm playfulness on the angels face as he threatens her with the arrow.Natural light bathes both the figures in a holy light that implies a sense of realism to the existence of God. The emotional impression the piece implies is very characteristic of Baro que art. One can imagine the pious traveling great distances to be brought down on their knees by Bering's instillation. Bernie was a master in working with marble. The articulate depiction of different weights of cloth is impressive. Saint Teresa is dressed in a heavy textile that weighs her down in the earthly sense. The angel is lifted into the heavens by his silky clothing that moves easily in the breeze.He shows off more of his craftsmanship by way of the balcony windows. There is an illusion of continued space beyond what we can see. Bernie also includes a stylized classical pediment. This pediment is cleverly utilized to hide a window that lets in the natural light that is focused on the centerpiece. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa was created using Marble, gilded brass, natural light, and architectural elements to create a whole composition. This makes Bering's epic depiction the first multimedia installation that predates the popularization of the art form by 3 centuries. Gian Lorenzo Bernini Giant Lorenz Bernie â€Å"Ecstasy of Saint Teresa† I chose Ecstasy of Saint Teresa by Bernie because it is an impressive multi-media installation that helps me understand the intense experience of Saint Thresher's visions. Four black marble columns frame the scene of Saint Theresa floating as if on a cloud as a playful angel is about to plunge an arrow repeatedly into her. Her face portrays a feeling of intense pain and pleasure as she accepts the glory and light of her lord. Heavenly light is shining down on them. Through the use of natural light shining down from an unseen mystical source.Brass reflective rods are lined up in a row opening up towards the couple further signifying the beauty and grace of the light. From both sides of the main characters a viewer then notices a seated audience relief carved out of marble. The audience seems to be captivated by the untraditional portrayal of god like visions. The marble is so beautifully carved to render flesh and the texture o f clothing. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa is equally frightening and stunning; reflecting the religion it represents. This piece is a perfect example of Baroque sculpture. A common characteristic ofBaroque art is including the audience into the work. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa does this by way of the theater windows. The relief of witnesses within these windows gives the sense that all of this is happening on a stage, and the audience is thus placed in orchestral seats in front of the stage. This includes the viewers into the work and justifies the drama portrayed theatrically in front of us. The scene portrayed here is an intense one. Seeing the look on Saint Teeter's face shows fear, pain, and pleasure. This is Juxtaposed with the look of calm playfulness on the angels face as he threatens her with the arrow.Natural light bathes both the figures in a holy light that implies a sense of realism to the existence of God. The emotional impression the piece implies is very characteristic of Baro que art. One can imagine the pious traveling great distances to be brought down on their knees by Bering's instillation. Bernie was a master in working with marble. The articulate depiction of different weights of cloth is impressive. Saint Teresa is dressed in a heavy textile that weighs her down in the earthly sense. The angel is lifted into the heavens by his silky clothing that moves easily in the breeze.He shows off more of his craftsmanship by way of the balcony windows. There is an illusion of continued space beyond what we can see. Bernie also includes a stylized classical pediment. This pediment is cleverly utilized to hide a window that lets in the natural light that is focused on the centerpiece. Ecstasy of Saint Teresa was created using Marble, gilded brass, natural light, and architectural elements to create a whole composition. This makes Bering's epic depiction the first multimedia installation that predates the popularization of the art form by 3 centuries.

Importance of biofuels Essays

Importance of biofuels Essays Importance of biofuels Essay Importance of biofuels Essay Abstraction World demand for energy has been projected to duplicate by 2050 and be more than three-base hit by the terminal of the century. Since industrial revolution in the 1850s, the human ingestion of fossil fuels has been one of the turning causes of international concern and malaise among some industrial states. The grounds for which can be attributed to the quickly consuming militias of fossil fuels. Over the past few decennaries, with the successes achieved in familial technology engineering, progresss made in the field of biofuels offer the lone immediate solution to fossil fuels. Soon, most of the ethyl alcohol in usage is produced either from amylum or sugar, but these beginnings have non proven to be sufficient to run into the turning planetary fuel demands. However, transition of abundant and renewable cellulosic biomass into alternate beginnings of energy seems to be an effectual and promising solution. But for this engineering to go feasible there is a demand to develop inexpensive and sustainable beginnings of cellulases along with extinguishing the demand for pretreatment procedures. The reappraisal therefore aims to supply a brief overview about the demand and importance of biofuels peculiarly bioethanol with regard to the turning environmental concerns along with an pressing demand to turn to the bing jobs about cost-optimisation and big scale production of biofuels. 1.0 Introduction Biofuels are liquid fuels derived from workss. Currently, first coevals biofuels are extensively being produced and used. These are generated utilizing amylum, sugar, veggie oils and animate being fats utilizing reasonably expensive conventional engineering. In recent old ages, the fact that production of ethyl alcohol from cellulosic and lignocellulosic stuff is being hindered due to inadequate engineering to enable efficient and economically feasible methods to interrupt down the multipolymeric natural stuff has gained broad popularity ( Vermaet Al, 2010 ) . Therefore, there is a demand to develop efficient systems for the production of cellulases and other cellulose degrading enzymes. Lignocellulosic biofuels are therefore likely to be seen as a portion of the portfolio of solutions being offered to cut down high energy monetary values, including more efficient energy usage along with the usage of other alternate fuels ( Coyle, 2007 ) . 1.1 Importance of biofuels: Factors like the finite crude oil militias and invariably lifting demands for energy by the industrialised every bit good as the extremely populated states ( on their Manner to industrialization ) like India and Chinas have made it perfectly necessary to look into surrogate and efficient methods to replace these fuels in future ( Stephanopoulos, 2008 ) . Besides, concerns like steep rise in fossil fuel monetary values in the recent old ages, increasing concerns about clime alteration like planetary heating, insecurity and unrest among authoritiess due to their consuming natural militias are merely a few factors that define an pressing demand for a sustainable way towards renewable fuel engineering development ( Stephanopoulos, 2008 ) . Among the assorted types of alternate fuels considered ( liquid fuels from coal and/or biomass with and without C gaining control and storage ( CCS ) ) , biofuels derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer the most clean and sustainable option to fossi l fuels basically because of their cost fight as opposed to the current expensive methods of ethanol production from sugar cane and maize ( Stephanopoulos, 2008 ) ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) . The planetary production and usage of biofuels has increased enormously in recent old ages, from 18.2 billion liters in 2000 to about 60.6 billion liters in 2007. It has been estimated that approximately 85 % of this sum is bioethanol ( Coyle, 2007 ) . This addition is chiefly a consequence of the grounds stated above along with lifting concerns about planetary heating and nursery gas emanations due to inordinate dodo fuels usage since biofuels are carbon-neutral and cut down green house emanations ( Sainz, 2009 ) . Besides, one of the factors lending to the viability of biofuels as an alternate transit fuel is their easiness of compatibility with our bing liquid fuel substructure ( Sainz, 2009 ) . An of import measure in the production of biofuels is the dislocation of cellulose fibers by the enzymes capable of degrading it. But the production of these enzymes is still an expensive undertaking due to their production in big micro-organism bioreactors. One method for the cheap production of these enzymes is the usage of transgenic workss as heterologic protein production systems ( Danna, 2001 ; Kusnadiet Al. , 1997 ; Twymanet Al. , 2003 ) . Plant based enzyme production offers advantages over the traditional bacterial and fungous civilizations by being commercially feasible and peculiarly attractive since in workss, the coveted protein can be made to roll up at high degrees i.e. at even greater degrees than 10 % of entire soluble protein ( Greyet Al, 2008 ) . Another major economic advantage of plant-based protein production over one that is microorganism-based is in the scale-up of protein look. Whereas scale-up of microbic systems implies big purchase and care costs for big fermentors and related equipment, scale-up of plant-based protein merchandise would merely necessitate planting of more seeds and harvest home of a larger country ( Grayet Al, 2008 ) . Cellulase showing transgenic workss may therefore offer important capital cost nest eggs over more traditional cellulase production via cellulolytic Fungis or bacteriums ( Greyet Al, 2008 ) . Ethanol is an intoxicant fuel presently made from the sugars found in grains, such as maize, sorghum, and wheat, every bit good as murphy teguments, rice, sugar cane, sugar Beta vulgariss, molasses and yard cuttings. Presently, there are two methods employed for the production of bioethanol. In the first procedure, sugar harvests or amylum are grown and fermented to bring forth ethyl alcohol. The 2nd procedure, of course oil bring forthing workss like Jatropha and algae are utilised to bring forth oils which can straight be utilised as fuel for Diesel engines after heating them to cut down their viscousness. However, presently, it is majorly being produced from amylum ( Corn in US ) and sugar ( Sugarcane in Brazil ) beginnings. Harmonizing to the latest statistics ( in 2008 ) , USA and Brazil ( fig. 1 ) were the major manufacturers of fuel ethyl alcohol by bring forthing 51.9 % and 37.3 % of planetary bioethanol severally ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/statistics/ # E ) . Brazil particularly produces ethyl alcohol to a big extent from agitation of sugar cane sugar to provide to one-fourth of its land transit demands ( Sticklen, 2008 ) .Similarly, to run into portion of its ain demands ; United States produces ethyl alcohol from maize. Unfortunately, inspite of being breakthrough developments, the production of ethyl alcohol by this method is non cost-efficient and hardly manages to run into less than approximately 15 % of the state s demands ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Their usage as energy harvests is therefore presenting to be inappropriate since these are primar y nutrient beginnings, and are unstable from the point of views of long-run supply and cost ( Sainz, 2009 ) . The limitations on available land and the lifting monetary value force per unit areas would shortly restrict the production of grain and maize based ethyl alcohol to less than 8 % in the US conveyance fuel mix ( Tyner, 2008 ) . Similarly, in malice of a predicted addition to 79.5 billion liters by 2022 in ethanol production from sugar cane in Brazil, this engineering would finally be limited by the same agro-economic factors impacting the grain and the maize based ethyl alcohol production ( Sainz, 2009 ) . For e.g. the usage of maize for production of ethyl alcohol has led to an addition in the monetary values of farm animal and domestic fowl since it is the chief amylum constituent of the carnal provender. Therefore, there is an pressing demand for new and sustainable engineerings for a important part of biofuels towards the advancement of renewable beginnings of energy and the decrease of nursery gases ( Sainz, 2009 ) . Therefore, the benefits of a high efficiency of carbohydrate recovery compared to other engineerings and the possibilities of engineering betterment due to breakthrough procedures in biotechnology, offer cost-competitive solutions for bioethanol production, therefore doing the 2nd coevals or lignocellulosic beginnings the most attractive option the big scale production of biofuels ( Wyman et al, 2005 ) . 3.0 Potential of cellulosic bioethanol Cellulosic ethanolis a biofuel produced from wood, grasses, or the non-edible parts of workss. It is a type of biofuel produced frombreaking down of lignocellulose, a tough structural stuff that comprises much of the mass of workss and provides them rigidness and structural stableness ( Coyle, 2007 ) . Lignocellulose is composed chiefly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin ( Carroll and Sommerville, 2009 ) . Another factor that makes the production of cellulosic bioethanol a promising measure in future is that unlike maize and sugar cane, its production is non dependent on any feedcrop since cellulose is the universe s most widely available biological stuff that can be obtained from widely available low-value stuffs like wood waste, widely turning grasses and harvest wastes and manures ( Coyle, 2007 ) . But production of ethyl alcohol from lignocellulose requires a greater sum of processing to do the sugar monomers available to the micro-organisms that are typically used to bring forth ethyl alcohol by agitation. Bioethanol is one fuel that is expected to be in great planetary demand in the coming old ages since its merely chief demand is the abundant supply of biomass either straight from workss or from works derived stuffs including carnal manures. It is besides a clean fuel as it produces fewer air-borne pollutants than crude oil, has a low toxicity and is readily biodegradable. Furthermore, the usage of cellulosic biomass allows bioethanol production in states with climes that are unsuitable for harvests such as sugar cane or maize. For illustration, the usage of rice straw for the production of ethyl alcohol is an attractive end given that it comprises 50 % of the word s agronomic biomass ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Though cellulosic ethyl alcohol is a assuring fuel from an environmental point of position, its industrial production and commercialization has non been come oning successfully. This can chiefly be attributed to the high cost of production of cellulose degrading enzymes -Cellulases ( Lyndet.al, 1996 ) . Yet another really of import factor is the pretreatment of lignocellulosic content in the biomass to let cellulases and hemicellulases to perforate and interrupt the cellulose in the cell wall. These two stairss together incur really high costs and are a hinderance in efficient production of cellulosic bioethanol. Thus works familial technology is the best alternate to bioreactors for an cheap production of these enzymes ( cellulases and hemicellulases ) . It can besides be used to modify the lignin content/amount to cut down the demand for expensive pretreatment ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . 4.0 The copiousness and construction of cellulose Photosynthetic beings such as workss, algae and some bacteriums produce more than 100 million metric tons of organic affair each twelvemonth from the arrested development of C dioxide. One-half of this biomass is made up of the biopolymer cellulose which, as a consequence, is possibly the most abundant It is the most common organic compound on Earth. Cellulose comprises about 33 per centum of all works affair, 90 per centum of cotton is composed of cellulose and so is around 50 per centum of wood ( Britannica encyclopaedia, 2008 ) . Higher works tissues such as trees, cotton, flax, sugar Beta vulgaris residues, ramee, cereal straw, etc represent the chief beginnings of cellulose. This saccharide supermolecule is the chief structural component of the cell wall of the bulk of workss. Cellulose is besides a major constituent of wood every bit good as cotton and other fabric fibers such as linen, hemp and jute. Cellulose and its derived functions are one of the chief stuffs of usage for industrial development ( paper, nitrocellulose, cellulose ethanoate, methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose ( CMC ) etc. ) and they represent a considerable economic investing ( P A ; eacute ; rez and Mackie, 2001 ) . Cellulose and lignin are the major combustible constituents of non-food energy harvests. Some of the illustrations of non-feed industrial harvests are baccy, miscanthus, industrial hemp, Populus ( poplar ) species and Salix ( willow ) . Celluloseserves as one of the major opposition to external chemical, mechanical, or biological disturbances in workss. This opposition ofcelluloseto depolymerization is offered by its happening as extremely crystalline polymer fibres ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) .it occur in workss in two crystalline signifiers, I-aand I- A ; szlig ; ( Nishiyama et al, 2002 ) ( Nishiyama et al, 2003 ) . The crystal constructions of both these signifiers suggest that H ( H ) bonding plays a cardinal function in finding the belongingss ofcellulose ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) .Thechemical expression of cellulose is ( C 6 H 10 O 5 ) n. It is a polysaccharide consisting of a additive concatenation of several hundred to over 10s thousand amp ; szlig ; ( 1? 4 ) linkedD- glucose unit ( Crawford, 1981 ) ( Updegraff, 1969 ) . This tough crystalline construction of cellulose molecules is turn outing to be a critical barrier in the production of cellulosic bioethanol as it is hard to breakdown the microfibr ils of crystalline cellulose to glucose ( Shen and Gnanakaran, 2009 ) . 4.1 Primary construction of cellulose The chief signifier of cellulose found in higher workss is I- A ; szlig ; . The primary construction of cellulose as shown in figure 2, is a additive homopolymer of glucose residues holding theDconfiguration and connected by A ; szlig ; ( 1-4 ) glycosidic linkages ( Sun et al, 2009 ) . Basically, the happening of intrachain and interchain H bonds ( fig. 3 ) in cellulose constructions has been known to supply thermostability to its crystal composite ( Nishiyama, 2002 ) . Intrachain H bonds are known to raise the strength and stiffness of each polymer while the interchain bonds along with weak Wander-Waal s forces hold the two sheets together to supply a 2-D construction. This agreement makes the intrachain bonding stronger than that keeping the two sheets together ( Nishiyama, 2002 ) . The concatenation length and the grade of polymerization of glucose units determine many belongingss of the cellulose molecule like its rigidness and unsolvability compared to starch ( Shigeru et al, 2006 ) . Cellulose from different beginnings besides varies in concatenation lengths, for e.g. cellulose from wood mush has lengths between 300 and 1700 units while that from fiber workss and bacterial beginnings have concatenation lengths changing from 800 to 10,000 units ( Klemm et al, 2005 ) . Cellulose, a glucose polymer is the most abundant constituent in the cell wall. These cellulose molecules consist of long ironss of sugar molecules. The procedure of interrupting down these long ironss to liberate the sugar is called hydrolysis. This is so followed by agitation to bring forth bioethanol. Assorted enzymes are involved in the complex procedure of interrupting down glycosidic linkages in cellulose ( Vermaet Al, 2010 ) . These are together known as glycoside hydrolases and include endo- acting cellulases and exo-acting cellulases or cellobiohydrolase along with A ; szlig ; -glucosidase ( Ziegelhoffer, 2001 ) ( Ziegler, 2000 ) . In the cellulose hydrolysis procedure, endoglucanase foremost indiscriminately cleaves different parts of crystalline cellulose bring forthing concatenation terminals. Exoglucanase so attaches to the concatenation terminals and cleaves off the cellobiose units. The exoglucanase besides acts on parts of formless cellulose with open concatenation terminals without the demand for anterior endoglucanase activity. Finally A ; szlig ;-glucosidase breaks the bonds between the two glucose sugars of cellobiose to bring forth monomers of glucose ( Warren, 1996 ) . Soon, two methods are widely used for cellulose debasement on an industrial graduated table: Chemical hydrolysis: This is a traditional method in which, cellulose is broken down by the action of an acid, dilute and concentrated both acids can be used by changing the temperature and the pH consequently. The merchandise produced from this hydrolysis is so neutralised and fermented to bring forth ethyl alcohol. These methods are non really attractive due to the coevals of toxic agitation inhibitors. Enzymatic hydrolysis:Due to the production of harmful byproducts by chemical hydrolysis, the enzymatic method to breakdown cellulose into glucose monomers is mostly preferable. This allows interrupting down lignocellulosic stuff at comparatively milder conditions ( 50? C and pH5 ) , which leads to effectual cellulose dislocation. 6.0 Stairss involved in cellulosic ethyl alcohol ( bioethanol ) production procedure The first measure in the production of bioethanol, involves reaping lignocellulose from the feedstock harvests, compression and eventually its transit to a mill for ethyl alcohol production where it is stored in a ready signifier for transition. The 2nd measure is the remotion of lignin nowadays in the feedstock biomass by utilizing heat or chemical pre-treatment methods. This measure facilitates the dislocation of cell wall into intermediates and removes lignin so as to let cellulose to be exposed to cellulases, which so break down cellulose into sugar residues. Presently, cellulases are being produced as a combination of bacterial and fungous enzymes for such commercial intents ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . This is so followed by stairss like detoxification, neutralization and separation into solid and liquid constituents ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . The hydrolysis of these constituents so takes topographic point by the enzymes like cellulases and hemicellulases that are produced from microorganisms in the bioreactors ( Sticklen, 2008 ) .and eventually ; ethanol is produced by sugar agitation. The figure below ( fig. 4 ) depicts the chief stairss in the production of bioethanol: 7.0 Major cell wall constituents and the cardinal enzymes involved in their dislocation 6.1 Cellulose and cellulases:About 180 billion metric tons of cellulose is produced per twelvemonth by workss globally ( Festucciet Al, 2007 ) . In the primary and secondary cell walls, about 15-30 % and 40 % dry mass severally is made up of cellulose ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Till day of the month, it is the lone polyose being used for commercial production of cellulosic ethyl alcohol because of the commercial handiness of its deconstructing enzymes ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . As described above, three types of cellulases are involved in the dislocation of cellulose into sugars viz. , endoglucanases, exoglucanasees and A ; szlig ; glucosidase ( Ziegler, 2000 ) . 6.2 Hemicellulose and Xylanases:xyloglucans and hemicelluloses surround the cellulose microfibrils. So in order to interrupt cellulose units, specific enzymes are foremost required to first take the hemicellulose polyose. Hemicelluloses are diverse and formless and its chief component is A ; szlig ;-1, 4-xylan. Therefore, xylanases re the most bundant type of hemicellulases required to split the endo-and exo-activity ( Warren, 1996 ) . These are chiefly obtained from the FungiTrichoderma reesei,along with a big figure of bacteriums, barm and other Fungi which have been reported to produce1.4 A ; szlig ;-D xylanases. 6.3 Lignin and Laccasses:The major component of workss secondary cell wall is lignin. It accounts for about 10-25 % of entire works dry affair ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Unlike cellulose and hemicelluloses, the lignin polymer is non peculiarly additive and alternatively comprises of a composite of phenylpropanoid units which are linked in a 3-D web to cellulose and xylose with ester, phenyl and covalent bonds ( Carpita, 2002 ) . White putrefaction Fungi ( clairvoyance.Phanerochaete chrysosporiumandTrametes versicolour) are thought degrade lignin more expeditiously and quickly than any other studied micro-organisms ( DSouza, 1999 ) .P. Chrysosporiumgreen goodss laccases like ligninases or lignin peroxidase, which initiate the procedure of debasement of lignin and manganese dependant peroxidises ( Cullen, 1992 ) . 8.0 Production of cellulases and hemicellulases in baccy chloroplasts Protein technology methodological analysiss provide the best reply to concerns sing production of improved cellulases with decreased allosteric hinderance, improved tolerance to high temperatures and specific pH optima along with higher specific activity ( Sainz, 2009 ) . The tabular array below ( table 1 ) lists different type of cellulases and hemicellulases that have been expressed in works chloroplasts: Chloroplasts are green colored plastids that have their ain genome and are found in works cells and other eucaryotic beings like algae. The targeted look of foreign cistrons in works cell organs can be used to present coveted features in a contained and economically sustainable mode ( fig. 5 ) . It besides allows us to unite assorted other advantages like easy and efficient scalability along with being wholly free of animate being pathogens. Unlike most other methods of works familial technology, the major advantage with chloroplast transmutation is their feature of transgene containment i.e. transgenes in these plastids are non spread through pollen ( Verma and Daniell, 2007 ) . This implies that chloroplast familial transmutation is reasonably a safe one and does non present the hazard of bring forthing weedkiller immune weeds ( Ho and Cummins, 2005 ) . Chloroplast transmutation involves homologous recombination. Thisnot merely minimises the interpolation of unneeded Deoxyribonucleic acid that accompaniestransformation of the atomic genome, but besides allows precisetargeting of inserted cistrons, thereby besides avoiding theuncontrollable, unpredictable rearrangements and omissions oftransgene DNA every bit good as host genome Deoxyribonucleic acid at the site of insertionthat characterises atomic transmutation ( Nixon, 2001 ) . Another advantage of chloroplast transmutation is that foreign cistrons can be over-expressed due to the high cistron transcript figure, up to 100,000 compared with single-copy atomic cistrons ( Maliga, 2003 ) . While atomic transformants typically produce foreign protein up to 1 % TSP in transformed leaf tissue, with some exceeding transformants bring forthing protein at 5-10 % TSP, chloroplast transformants frequently accumulate foreign protein at 5-10 % TSP in transformed foliages, with exceeding transformants making every bit high as A ; gt ; 40 % TSP ( Maliga, 2003 ) . Research is needed to find the stableness of the biological activity of extracted plant-produced hydrolysis enzymes in TSP when stored under freezing conditions for different periods of clip before their usage in hydrolysis ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . Two other of import and related countries for farther research are increasing the degrees of production and the biological activity of the heterologic enzymes ( Sticklen, 2008 ) .Many cell wall deconstructing enzymes have been isolated and characterised and more demand to be investigated for happening more enzymes that can defy higher transition temperatures and a scope of United States Public Health Service during pretreatment. Serious attempts to bring forth cellulosic ethyl alcohol on an industrial graduated table are already underway. Other than the Canadian Iorgen works, no commercial cellulosic ethyl alcohol works is yet in operation or under building ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . However, research in this country is afoot and support is becom A ; # xad ; ing available around the universe for this intent, from both governmental and commercial beginnings. For test A ; # xad ; ple, British Petroleum have donated half a billion dol A ; # xad ; lars to US establishments to develop new beginnings of energy chiefly biofuel harvests ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . 10.0 Decision The fact that maize ethyl alcohol produces more green house gas emanations than gasolene and that cellulosic ethyl alcohol from non-food harvests produces less green house gas emanations than electricity or H, is one of the factors that extremely favour production of ethyl alcohol from cellulosic biomass ( Verma, 2010 ) . However, biofuel production from lignocellulosic stuffs is a challenging job because of the many-sided nature of natural stuffs and deficiency of engineering to expeditiously and economically let go of fermentable sugars from the complex multi-polymeric natural stuffs ( Verma, 2010 ) . After decennaries of research aimed at cut downing the costs of microbic cellulases, their production is still expen A ; # xad ; sive ( Sticklen and Oraby, 2005 ) . One manner of diminishing such costs is to bring forth these enzymes within harvest biomass. Although some of import progresss have been made to put the foundations for works familial technology for biofuel production, this scientific discipline is still in its babyhood ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . A general challenge is to develop efficient systems for the familial transmutation of works systems for the production of cellulose degrading enzymes. Research is peculiarly needed to concentrate on the mark A ; # xad ; ing of these enzymes to multiple subcellular locations in order to increase degrees of enzyme production and bring forth enzymes with higher biological activities ( Sticklen, 2008 ) . A immense potency exists to bring forth larger sums of these enzymes in chloroplasts, and exciting advancement has been made in footing s of the harvests for which the chloroplast can now be genetically engineered. More attempts are nevertheless needed towards the development of systems to genetically engi amp ; # xad ; neer chloroplasts of biomass harvests such as cereals and perennial grasses ( Blaschke, 2006 ) . Some of the cardinal purposes of the undertaking would be: To characterize cell wall degrading enzymes Overexpression of cellulose complementary DNA in pET30 vector systems Initiation and word picture of proteins in different conditions The usage of baccy works as agencies of bring forthing cellulases through chloroplast familial technology to at the same time addresses the most of import inquiry of switching the agricultural land from provender harvests to biofuel harvests ( like maize and sugar cane at present ) along with the cost-efficient big graduated table production of cellulose degrading enzymes.

That Tally Stick Essay Example

That Tally Stick Essay Example That Tally Stick Paper That Tally Stick Paper So many people have keepsakes to symbolize their love for one another. Couples have pictures and mementos to remind them of their special times. In â€Å"The Tally Stick†, Jarold Ramsey introduces us to a couple who use a tally stick rather than pictures to represent what is important in their lives. Ramsey takes us from the beginning of the relationship, when the stick is bare, to the end when it is carved end to end. We learn of the outside events that build their love, as well as internal measure, upon which their love is built. According to Ramsey the stick is a part of the couple’s relationship. The tally stick shows that love can be a long-lasting bond defined by failure and success that strengthen their relationship. Before there is a single notch in the stick the narrator shows its significance. Ramsey indicates the stick is a gift, which represents the couple’s lifetime together. Saying, â€Å"From our first of days†¦/ I have carved our lives in secret on this stick† (1; 2). Their unique and extraordinary bond is directly represented by the type and length of the â€Å"Mountain mahogany† stick, Measured by â€Å"the length of your arms/ outstretched†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (3; 4). Also, because their relationship is so concrete and red with passion, Ramsey describes â€Å"the wood† as â€Å"clear red, so hard and rare† (4). In the opening stanza Ramsey shows that the tally stick embodies every part of this relationship, and its characteristics signify more than just important events. The first and most elaborate notch on the stick is the couple’s wedding. It is very detailed and enables them to relive their wedding. Like their lives â€Å"the grains /converge and join† (6; 7). The details of the notch are so specific the couple can tell â€Å"who danced, who made up the songs, who meant† them â€Å"joy† (9). The complex structures not only depict their wedding but the intricacy of their relationship, its specialness and how much they mean to each other. Inscriptions along the grain show the love they have for their children and how they want them involved in their lives’, indicated by â€Å"little arrowheads along the grain† (10). During times of grief the couple’s heavy hearts are exposed to the reader. Ramsey uses â€Å"heavy crosses† to mirror the couple’s mood during /â€Å"the deaths of† their â€Å"parents, the loss of our friends† (12; 13) Ramsey shows us that the difficult times made their onnection grow stronger. Death was not the only hardship they had to endure. Stanza three outlines all the external hardships the pair suffered through. Historic events were randomly cut against the grain, symbolizing occurrences that tried their relationship. â€Å"Hashmarks cut against the swirling grain† show how certain events could de stroy what they have (16). The poem indicates all the events their love survived, and shows their love has lasted many years. They remember what they thought was â€Å"the year the world went wrong† and â€Å"the days the Great Men fell† (17; 18). The third stanza ends with the power of the couples love, â€Å"The lengthening runes of our lives† that â€Å"run through it all† (19). This line from the poem signifies the strength their love possesses. There love persisted through hard times and their marriage grew stronger. These lines show that nothing compares to the love the two have for each other. Despite hardships their love continued to grow. In the final stanza the narrator talks about what it is like to look back on all the events that shaped the couple’s life. The stick is full of memories and represents a long lasting relationship. This relationship is made stronger by the events shown on the tally stick, every notch made them stronger and although the stick is beginning to wear, their love is not. â€Å"Our tally stick is whittled nearly end to end; delicate as scrimshaw, it would not bear you up† (20). Ramsey mentions that the stick is polished with regrets. Because they both have regrets that helped build their love, the couple clusters those regrets with all other mishaps â€Å"hand over hand† (22). The author ends the poem with the couple looking back on everything they have done. Running their fingers from beginning to end they will explore everything that shaped their relationship and forgive each other’s regrets. Ramsey refers to their blameless eyes, telling us that the two no longer blame one another and can go on loving through old age. Starting from when they were children, they follow the grain all the way to adulthood and â€Å"talk softly as of ordinary matters and in one another’s blameless eyes go blind† (27). The Tally Stick† is symbolic of everything this couple shares with each other. It not only shows special occasions like a picture but tells a detailed story of their life together. The couple relives the significant times they spent together by running their thumbs through the intricate notches. Detailed depictions of their wedding, the births of their children, the tragedies they have gone through can all be found within the stick. This stick defines the relationship, and is part of the each of them. The marks indicating internal events are the ones that remain special and are intricately drawn, where as the historic actions are just random marks, indicating they are not as exceptional as the internal dealings and everything random just fades away. â€Å"The Tally Stick† is a physical representation of this couple’s love for one another. It tells a practical story of the couple’s companionship, nothing on the stick is idealistic and depicts real events that drove their love, not what their relationship could have been, but what it is.